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• In 1882, German scientist Robert Koch (kohk) announced in Berlin that he had discovered the bacillus responsible for tuberculosis.
• In 1913, New York's Palace Theatre, the legendary home of vaudeville, opened on Broadway.
• In 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a bill granting future independence to the Philippines.
• In 1939, "The Hound of the Baskervilles," the first Sherlock Holmes movie adaptation featuring Basil Rathbone as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's famed detective (and Nigel Bruce as Dr. Watson), premiered at the Roxy Theatre in New York.
• In 1944, in occupied Rome, the Nazis executed more than 300 civilians in reprisal for an attack by Italian partisans the day before that had killed 32 German soldiers.
• In 1958, rock-and-roll singer Elvis Presley was inducted into the Army in Memphis, Tenn.
• In 1964, the racial drama "Dutchman" by LeRoi Jones (Amiri Baraka) opened in Greenwich Village, N.Y.
• In 1976, the president of Argentina, Isabel Peron, was deposed by her country's military.
• In 1980, one of El Salvador's most respected Roman Catholic Church leaders, Archbishop Oscar Arnulfo Romero, was shot to death by a sniper as he celebrated Mass in San Salvador.
• In 1999, NATO launched airstrikes against Yugoslavia, marking the first time in its 50-year existence that it had ever attacked a sovereign country. Thirty-nine people were killed when fire erupted in the Mont Blanc tunnel in France and burned for two days.
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• Ten years ago: Former top terrorism adviser Richard Clarke, testifying before the federal 9/11 Commission, accused the Bush administration of scaling back the campaign against Osama bin Laden before the attacks and undermining the fight against terrorism by invading Iraq; the White House redoubled efforts to undermine Clarke, the author of a book critical of President George W. Bush. The European Union slapped Microsoft with a $613 million fine for abusively wielding its Windows software monopoly. (In 2007, following a legal battle, Microsoft agreed to key parts of the antitrust ruling.)
• Five years ago: In his second prime-time news conference since taking office, President Barack Obama claimed early progress in his aggressive campaign to lead the nation out of economic chaos and declared that despite obstacles ahead, "we're

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