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• In 1787, inventor John Fitch demonstrated his steamboat on the Delaware River to delegates from the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.
• In 1846, Gen. Stephen W. Kearny proclaimed all of New Mexico a territory of the United States.
• In 1851, the schooner America outraced more than a dozen British vessels off the English coast to win a trophy that came to be known as the America's Cup.
• In 1862, President Abraham Lincoln responded to Horace Greeley's call for more drastic steps to abolish slavery; Lincoln replied that his priority was saving the Union, but he also repeated his personal wish "that all men everywhere could be free."
• In 1910, Japan annexed Korea, which remained under Japanese control until the end of World War II.
• In 1922, Irish revolutionary Michael Collins was shot to death, apparently by Irish Republican Army members opposed to the Anglo-Irish Treaty that Collins had co-signed.
• In 1932, the British Broadcasting Corp. conducted its first experimental television broadcast, using a 30-line mechanical system.
• In 1956, President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Vice President Richard Nixon were nominated for second terms in office by the Republican National Convention in San Francisco.
• In 1962, French President Charles de Gaulle survived an attempt on his life in suburban Paris.
• In 1968, Pope Paul VI arrived in Bogota, Colombia, for the start of the first papal visit to South America.
• In 1972, a hostage drama began at a Chase Manhattan Bank branch in Brooklyn, N.Y., as John Wojtowicz (WAHT'-uh-witz) and Salvatore Naturile seized seven employees during a botched robbery; the siege, which ended with Wojtowicz's arrest and Naturile's killing by the FBI, inspired the 1975 movie "Dog Day Afternoon."
• In 1989, Black Panthers co-founder Huey P. Newton was shot to death in Oakland, Calif. Gunman Tyrone Robinson was later sentenced to 32 years to life in prison.
• Ten years ago: Alabama's chief justice, Roy Moore, was suspended for his refusal to obey a federal court order to remove his Ten Commandments monument from the rotunda of his courthouse. Texas Gov. Rick Perry pardoned 35 people arrested in the 1999 Tulia drug busts and convicted on the testimony of a lone undercover agent. (The agent, Tom Coleman, was later found guilty of aggravated perjury and sentenced to 10 years' probation.) In Brazil, a rocket exploded on its launch pad during tests just days before liftoff, killing 21 workers.

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