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• In 1692, the first official execution resulting from the Salem witch trials in Massachusetts took place as Bridget Bishop was hanged.
• In 1861, during the Civil War, Confederate troops routed Union soldiers in the Battle of Big Bethel in Virginia.
• In 1907, eleven men in five cars set out from the French embassy in Beijing on a race to Paris. (Prince Scipione Borghese of Italy was the first to arrive in the French capital two months later.)
• In 1921, President Warren G. Harding signed into law the Budget and Accounting Act, which created the Bureau of the Budget and the General Accounting Office.
• In 1922, singer-actress Judy Garland was born Frances Ethel Gumm in Grand Rapids, Minn.
• In 1935, Alcoholics Anonymous was founded in Akron, Ohio by Dr. Robert Holbrook Smith and William Griffith Wilson.
• In 1940, Italy declared war on France and Britain; Canada declared war on Italy.
• In 1942, during World War II, German forces massacred 173 male residents of Lidice (LIH'-dyiht-zeh), Czechoslovakia, in retaliation for the killing of Nazi official Reinhard Heydrich.
• In 1967, the Middle East War ended as Israel and Syria agreed to observe a United Nations-mediated cease-fire.
• In 1971, President Richard M. Nixon lifted a two-decades-old trade embargo on China.
• In 1985, socialite Claus von Bulow was acquitted by a jury in Providence, R.I., at his retrial on charges he'd tried to murder his heiress wife, Martha "Sunny" von Bulow.
• In 1991, 11-year-old Jaycee Dugard of South Lake Tahoe, Calif. was abducted by Phillip and Nancy Garrido; Jaycee was held by the couple for 18 years before she was found by authorities.
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• Ten years ago: Israeli helicopters fired missiles at a car carrying Abdel Aziz Rantisi (AHB'-duhl ah-ZEEZ' rahn-TEE'-see), a senior Hamas leader, wounding him and killing two others. (Israel succeeded in killing Rantisi in April 2004.) ImClone chief Sam Waksal was sentenced to more than seven years in prison in connection with a stock-trading scandal. (He was released in 2009.) A rocket holding the first of two Mars rovers, Spirit, blasted off from Cape Canaveral, Fla. (Spirit arrived on Mars in Jan. 2004.) Former Treasury Secretary and White House chief of staff Donald T. Regan died in Williamsburg, Va., at age 84.
• Five years ago: A Sudanese jetliner skidded off a runway and crashed into airport lights after landing in Khartoum, killing 30 of the 214 people on board.

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