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through Johnstown, Pa.
• In 1910, the Union of South Africa was founded.
• In 1913, U.S. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan proclaimed the 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, providing for popular election of U.S. senators, to be in effect.
• In 1941, "Tobacco Road," a play about an impoverished Southern family based on the novel by Erskine Caldwell, closed on Broadway after a run of 3,182 performances.
• In 1961, South Africa became an independent republic as it withdrew from the British Commonwealth.
• In 1962, former Nazi official Adolf Eichmann was hanged in Israel a few minutes before midnight for his role in the Holocaust.
• In 1970, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake in Peru claimed an estimated 67,000 lives.
• In 1977, the trans-Alaska oil pipeline, three years in the making, was completed.
• In 1985, at least 88 people were killed, more than 1,000 injured, as over 40 tornadoes swept through parts of Pennsylvania, Ohio, New York and Ontario, Canada, during an 8-hour period.
• In 1994, the United States announced it was no longer aiming long-range nuclear missiles at targets in the former Soviet Union.
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• Ten years ago: President George W. Bush visited the site of the Nazi death camps of Auschwitz and Birkenau in Poland as he challenged allies to overcome their bitterness and mistrust over the Iraq war and unite in the struggle against terrorism. Anti-government extremist and bomber Eric Rudolph was arrested outside a grocery store in Murphy, N.C. Air France's Concorde returned to Paris in a final commercial flight.
• Five years ago: Space shuttle Discovery and a crew of seven blasted into orbit, carrying a giant Japanese lab addition to the international space station.
• One year ago: Democrat John Edwards' campaign finance fraud case ended in a mistrial when jurors in Greensboro, N.C., acquitted him on one of six charges but were unable to decide whether he'd misused money from two wealthy donors to hide his pregnant mistress while he ran for president. President Barack Obama welcomed his predecessor back to the White House for the unveiling of the official portraits of former President George W. Bush and former first lady Laura Bush. Fourteen-year-old Snigdha Nandipati (SNIHG'-nah nahn-dih-PAW'-tee) of San Diego won the 85th Scripps National Spelling Bee by correctly spelling "guetapens (GEHT'-uh-pawn)," a French-derived word meaning ambush, snare or trap.

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