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a state law that prohibited teaching the theory of evolution. (Scopes was found guilty, but his conviction was later set aside.)
• In 1936, the Ethiopian capital, Addis Ababa, fell to Italian invaders.
• In 1941, Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie returned to Addis Ababa after the Italians were driven out with the help of Allied forces.
• In 1942, wartime sugar rationing began in the United States.
• In 1955, West Germany became a fully sovereign state. The baseball musical "Damn Yankees" opened on Broadway.
• In 1961, astronaut Alan B. Shepard Jr. became America's first space traveler as he made a 15-minute suborbital flight aboard Freedom 7, a Mercury capsule launched from Cape Canaveral, Fla.
• In 1973, Secretariat won the Kentucky Derby, the first of its Triple Crown victories.
• In 1981, Irish Republican Army hunger-striker Bobby Sands died at the Maze Prison in Northern Ireland in his 66th day without food.
• In 1987, the congressional Iran-Contra hearings opened with former Air Force Maj. Gen. Richard V. Secord (SEE'-kohrd) the lead-off witness.
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• Ten years ago: Searchers using dogs and heavy equipment went from one crumbled home to another after tornado-packed storms flattened communities in four Midwestern states. In Colombia, a botched rescue attempt resulted in the deaths of a state governor, former defense minister and eight other hostages being held by rebels; three hostages survived. Walter Sisulu (sih-SOO'-loo), the quiet giant of South Africa's anti-apartheid struggle for five decades, died in Johannesburg at age 90.
• Five years ago: Three men were arrested and beaten by Philadelphia police officers after a vehicle chase in a scene videotaped by a TV news helicopter. (The three men were later acquitted of attempted murder and all other charges stemming from a shooting that led to their arrests; four of the 18 police officers at the scene were fired and a number of others were disciplined.) Irvine Robbins, co-founder of the Baskin-Robbins ice cream chain, died in Rancho Mirage, Calif., at age 90.
• One year ago: Five Guantanamo Bay prisoners charged in the Sept. 11 attacks were arraigned in a proceeding that dragged on for 13 hours due to stalling tactics by the defendants. In what his aides described as his first full-fledged political rally of the election year, President Barack Obama, in Columbus, Ohio, tore into Mitt Romney as a willing and eager "rubber stamp" for failed policies. Thousands of Japanese marched to celebrate the switching off of the last of their nation's 50 nu

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