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• In 1806, the Lewis and Clark expedition returned to St. Louis more than two years after setting out for the Pacific Northwest.
• In 1846, Neptune was identified as a planet by German astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle (GAH'-luh).
• In 1912, Mack Sennett's first Keystone short subject, a "split-reel" of two comedies both starring Mabel Normand and Ford Sterling ("Cohen Collects a Debt" and "The Water Nymph"), was released. Houston's William Marsh Rice Institute (later renamed Rice University), opened for classes on the 12th anniversary of Rice's death.
• In 1932, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded.
• In 1939, Sigmund Freud (froyd), the founder of psychoanalysis, died in London at age 83.
• In 1949, President Harry S. Truman announced there was evidence the Soviet Union had recently conducted a nuclear test explosion. (The test had been carried

out on Aug. 29, 1949.)
• In 1957, nine black students who'd entered Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas were forced to withdraw because of a white mob outside.
• In 1962, New York's Philharmonic Hall (later renamed Avery Fisher Hall) formally opened as the first unit of the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. "The Jetsons," an animated cartoon series about a Space Age family, premiered as the ABC television network's first color program.
• In 1973, former Argentine president Juan Peron won a landslide election victory that returned him to power; his wife, Isabel, was elected vice president.
• In 1981, the Reagan administration announced plans for what became known as "Radio Marti."
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• Ten years ago: A defiant Yasser Arafat dug in at his besieged West Bank compound, rejecting Israel's demand to hand over the names of all those holed up inside. Gov. Gray Davis signed a law making California the first state to offer workers paid family leave.
• Five years ago: Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (ah-muh-DEE'-neh-zhahd) left Tehran for New York to address the United Nations; state media quoted him as saying the American people were eager for different opinions about the world, and that he was looking forward to providing them with "correct and clear information." Cuba published a photo of a standing, smiling Fidel Castro looking heavier but still gaunt as he met with Angola's president.
• One year ago: Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas took his people's quest for

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