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the states of the Union from engaging in commercial trade with states in rebellion -- i.e., the Confederacy.
• In 1858, a telegraphed message from Britain's Queen Victoria to President James Buchanan was transmitted over the recently laid trans-Atlantic cable.
• In 1920, Ray Chapman of the Cleveland Indians was struck in the head by a pitch thrown by Carl Mays of the New York Yankees; Chapman died the following morning.
• In 1937, the American Federation of Radio Artists was chartered.
• In 1948, baseball legend Babe Ruth died in New York at age 53.
• In 1954, Sports Illustrated was first published by Time Inc.
• In 1956, Adlai E. Stevenson was nominated for president at the Democratic national convention in Chicago.
• In 1977, Elvis Presley died at his Graceland estate in Memphis, Tenn., at age 42.
• In 1987, 156 people were killed when Northwest Airlines Flight 255 crashed while trying to take off from Detroit; the sole survivor was 4-year-old Cecelia Cichan (SHEE'-an). People worldwide began a two-day celebration of the "harmonic convergence," which heralded what believers called the start of a new, purer age of humankind.
• In 1991, Pope John Paul II began the first-ever papal visit to Hungary.
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• Ten years ago: Major League Baseball players set a strike deadline of Aug. 30. (Both sides finally reached an agreement with just six hours to spare.) Terrorist mastermind Abu Nidal reportedly was found shot to death in Baghdad, Iraq; he was
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