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the Confederate Congress recognizing that a state of war existed with the United States of America.
• In 1862, author and philosopher Henry David Thoreau died in Concord, Mass., at age 44.
• In 1882, President Chester Alan Arthur signed the Chinese Exclusion Act, which called for barring Chinese immigrants from the U.S. for ten years (Arthur had opposed an earlier version with a 20-year ban).
• In 1910, Britain's Edwardian era came to an end upon the death of King Edward VII; he was succeeded by George V.
• In 1932, French President Paul Doumer was assassinated in Paris by Paul Gorguloff, who was executed the following September.
• In 1941, Josef Stalin assumed the Soviet premiership, replacing Vyacheslav M. Molotov.
• In 1954, medical student Roger Bannister broke the four-minute mile during a (Continued on page 25)
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