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which combined the flags of England and Scotland.
• In 1776, North Carolina's Fourth Provincial Congress authorized the colony's delegates to the Continental Congress to support independence from Britain.
• In 1861, the American Civil War began as Confederate forces opened fire on Fort Sumter in South Carolina.
• In 1864, Confederate troops led by Maj. Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest took Union-held Fort Pillow in Tennessee; almost half of the Union garrison was made up of black soldiers, many of whom were slain by the Confederates.
• In 1912, Clara Barton, the founder of the American Red Cross, died in Glen Echo, Md., at age 90.
• In 1934, "Tender Is the Night," by F. Scott Fitzgerald, was first published in book form after being serialized in Scribner's Magazine.
• In 1945, President Franklin D. Roosevelt died of a cerebral hemorrhage in Warm Springs, Ga., at age 63; he was succeeded by Vice President Harry S. Truman.
• In 1955, the Salk vaccine against polio was declared safe and effective.
• In 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man to fly in space, orbiting the earth once before making a safe landing.
• In 1963, civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. was arrested and jailed in Birmingham, Ala., charged with contempt of court and parading without a permit. (During his time behind bars, King wrote his "Letter from Birmingham Jail.")
• In 1981, the space shuttle Columbia blasted off from Cape Canaveral on its first test flight. Former world heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis died in Las Vegas, Nev., at age 66.
• In 1989, former boxing champion Sugar Ray Robinson died in Culver City, Calif., at age 67; radical activist Abbie Hoffman was found dead at his home in New Hope, Pa., at age 52.
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• Ten years ago: A federal judge allowed a nationwide ban on dietary supplements containing ephedra to take effect, turning aside a plea from two manufacturers. Abelardo Flores and Fatima Holloway pleaded guilty in Houston to taking part in a smuggling scheme that resulted in the deaths of 19 immigrants abandoned in a sweltering truck trailer. (Flores was later sentenced to more than 14 years in prison; Holloway, who testified against truck driver Tyrone Williams, was sentenced to the three days in jail she'd already served.) Barry Bonds hit his 660th home run, sending the Giants to a 7-5 win over the Milwaukee Brewers and tying godfather Willie Mays for third on baseball's career list.
• Five years ago: American cargo ship captain Richard Phillips was rescued from

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