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of Lake Champlain in the War of 1812. • In 1857, the Mountain Meadows Massacre took place in present-day southern Utah as a 120-member Arkansas immigrant party was slaughtered by Mormon militiamen aided by Paiute Indians. • In 1922, the British Mandate for Palestine went into effect. • In 1936, Boulder Dam (now Hoover Dam) began operation as President Franklin D. Roosevelt pressed a key in Washington to signal the startup of the dam's first hydroelectric generator. • In 1941, groundbreaking took place for the Pentagon. In a speech that drew accusations of anti-Semitism, Charles A. Lindbergh told an America First rally in Des Moines, Iowa, that "the British, the Jewish and the Roosevelt administration" were pushing the United States toward war. • In 1954, the Miss America pageant made its network TV debut on ABC; Miss California, Lee Meriwether, was crowned the winner. • In 1962, The Beatles completed their first single for EMI, "Love Me Do" and "P.S. I Love You," at EMI studios in London. • In 1971, former Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev died at age 77. • In 1972, the troubled Munich Summer Olympics ended. Northern California's Bay Area Rapid Transit system began operations. • In 1973, Chilean President Salvador Allende (ah-YEN'-day) died during a violent military coup. • In 1989, the exodus of East German refugees from Hungary to West Germany began. • • Ten years ago: Israel issued an ominous threat to "remove" Yasser Arafat for failing to halt suicide bombings. Swedish Foreign Minister Anna Lindh died from stab wounds inflicted when she was attacked in a Stockholm department store a day earlier. Actor John Ritter died six days before his 55th birthday at Providence St. Joseph Medical Center in Burbank, Calif. - the same hospital where he was born in 1948. • Five years ago: Presidential candidates John McCain and Barack Obama put aside politics as they visited ground zero together on the anniversary of 9/11 to (Continued on page 35)
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