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• On July 13, 1787, the Congress of the Confederation adopted the Northwest Ordinance, which established a government in the Northwest Territory, an area corresponding to the present-day Midwest and Upper Midwest.
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• On this date:
• In 1793, French revolutionary writer Jean-Paul Marat was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday, who was executed four days later.
• In 1812, New York became the first U.S. city to adopt regulations on how pawnbrokers could conduct business.
• In 1863, deadly rioting against the Civil War military draft erupted in New York City. (The insurrection was put down three days later.)
• In 1923, a sign consisting of 50-foot-tall letters spelling out "HOLLYWOODLAND" was dedicated in the Hollywood Hills to promote a subdivision (the last four letters were removed in 1949).
• In 1939, Frank Sinatra made his first commercial recording, "From the Bottom of My Heart" and "Melancholy Mood," with Harry James and his Orchestra for the Brunswick label.
• In 1960, John F. Kennedy won the Democratic presidential nomination on the first ballot at his party's convention in Los Angeles.
• In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Thurgood Marshall to be U.S. solicitor general.
• In 1972, George McGovern received the Democratic presidential nomination at the party's convention in Miami Beach.
• In 1977, a blackout lasting 25 hours hit the New York City area.
• In 1978, Lee Iacocca was fired as president of Ford Motor Co. by chairman Henry Ford II.
• In 1985, "Live Aid," an international rock concert in London, Philadelphia, Moscow and Sydney, took place to raise money for Africa's starving people.
• In 1999, Angel Maturino Resendiz, suspected of being the "Railroad Killer," surrendered in El Paso, Texas. (Resendiz was executed in 2006.)
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• Ten years ago: The nation's governors opened their summer meeting in Boise, Idaho, with high health care costs the main topic. Photographer Yousuf Karsh died in Boston at age 93.
• Five years ago: Former media mogul Conrad Black was convicted in Chicago of swindling the Hollinger International newspaper empire out of millions of dollars. (Black was sentenced to 6½ years in federal prison, but had his sentence reduced

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