(Continued from page 31)

• On this date:
• In 1643, Louis XIV became King of France at age four upon the death of his father, Louis XIII.
• In 1796, English physician Edward Jenner inoculated 8-year-old James Phipps against smallpox by using cowpox matter.
• In 1804, the Lewis and Clark expedition to explore the Louisiana Territory as well as the Pacific Northwest left camp near present-day Hartford, Ill.
• In 1811, Paraguay achieved independence from Spain with the bloodless overthrow of the country's royal governor.
• In 1900, the Olympic games opened in Paris, held as part of the 1900 World's Fair.
• In 1942, Aaron Copland's "Lincoln Portrait" was first performed by the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra.
• In 1948, according to the current-era calendar, the independent state of Israel was proclaimed in Tel Aviv.
• In 1961, Freedom Riders were attacked by violent mobs in Anniston and Birmingham, Ala.
• In 1962, the Anthony Burgess novel "A Clockwork Orange," set in a dystopian future England, was first published by London publisher Heinemann. Prince Juan Carlos, the future king of Spain, married Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark in Athens.
• In 1973, the United States launched Skylab 1, its first manned space station.
• In 1987, actress Rita Hayworth died in New York at age 68.
• In 1998, singer-actor Frank Sinatra died at a Los Angeles hospital at age 82. The hit sitcom "Seinfeld" aired its final episode after nine years on NBC.
•
• Ten years ago: NATO and Russia reached a historic agreement in Reykjavik, Iceland, to combat common security threats in the post-Sept. 11 era. Former President Jimmy Carter addressed Cuba in an unprecedented hour of live, uncensored television, telling Cubans that their country did not meet international standards of democracy.
• Five years ago: DaimlerChrysler said it was selling almost all of Chrysler to private equity firm Cerberus Capital Management for $7.4 billion, backing out of a troubled 1998 takeover. The trial of suspected al-Qaida operative Jose Padilla (hoh-ZAY' puh-DEE'-uh) opened in Miami. (Padilla and two co-defendants were convicted of terrorism conspiracy and material support after a three-month trial; Padilla was sentenced to 17 years in prison.)

(Continued on page 33)